Advancements in technology probably mean a system of Shadow tolls and road fund is probably unnecessary. It would only be a temporary measure to pay shadow tolls as it is very unsatisfactory as the price the user pays will be related only to fuel used for small vehicles and distance travelled for larger vehicles (see (4.4) Road Fund). This will match price to cost reasonably well with regard to road damage, maintenance, pollution and climate change, but will not effectively deal with congestion – capacity required for economically priced demand i.e. capacity required for maximum demand much more expensive to supply than capacity for steady demand. The rural motorist is in effect likely to subsidise the urban or inter urban motorist.

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